Dasar Jaringan Komputer,Sejarah Jaringan,Evolusi Jaringan

Jaringan komputer adalah sebuah sistem yang terdiri atas komputer dan perangkat jaringan lainnya yang bekerja bersama-sama untuk mencapai suatu tujuan yang sama.
Tujuan dari jaringan komputer adalah:
* Membagi sumber daya: contohnya berbagi pemakaian printer, CPU, memori,harddisk.
* Komunikasi: contohnya surat elektronik, instant messaging, chatting
* Akses informasi: contohnya web browsing

Agar dapat mencapai tujuan yang sama, setiap bagian dari jaringan komputer meminta dan memberikan layanan (service). Pihak yang meminta layanan disebut klien (client) dan yang memberikan layanan disebut pelayan (server). Arsitektur ini disebut dengan sistem client-server, dan digunakan pada hampir seluruh aplikasi jaringan komputer.

Sejak memasyarakatnya Internet dan dipasarkannya sistem operasi Windows95 oleh Microsoft, menghubungkan beberapa komputer baik komputer pribadi (PC) maupun server dengan sebuah jaringan dari jenis LAN (Local Area Network) sampai WAN (Wide Area Network) menjadi sebuah hal yang biasa. Demikian pula dengan konsep "downsizing" maupun "lightsizing" yang bertujuan menekan anggaran belanja khususnya peralatan komputer, maka sebuah jaringan merupakan satu hal yang sangat diperlukan.

Konsep jaringan komputer lahir pada tahun 1940-an di Amerika dari sebuah proyek pengembangan komputer MODEL I di laboratorium Bell dan group riset Harvard University yang dipimpin profesor H. Aiken. Pada mulanya proyek tersebut hanyalah ingin memanfaatkan sebuah perangkat komputer yang harus dipakai bersama. Untuk mengerjakan beberapa proses tanpa banyak membuang waktu kosong dibuatlah proses beruntun (Batch Processing), sehingga beberapa program bisa dijalankan dalam sebuah komputer dengan kaidah antrian.

Ditahun 1950-an ketika jenis komputer mulai membesar sampai terciptanya super komputer, maka sebuah komputer mesti melayani beberapa terminal. Untuk itu ditemukan konsep distribusi proses berdasarkan waktu yang dikenal dengan nama TSS (Time Sharing System), maka untuk pertama kali bentuk jaringan (network) komputer diaplikasikan. Pada sistem TSS beberapa terminal terhubung secara seri ke sebuah host komputer. Dalam proses TSS mulai nampak perpaduan teknologi komputer dan teknologi telekomunikasi yang pada awalnya berkembang sendiri-sendiri.

Memasuki tahun 1970-an, setelah beban pekerjaan bertambah banyak dan harga perangkat komputer besar mulai terasa sangat mahal, maka mulailah digunakan konsep proses distribusi (Distributed Processing). Dalam proses ini beberapa host komputer mengerjakan sebuah pekerjaan besar secara paralel untuk melayani beberapa terminal yang tersambung secara seri disetiap host komputer. Dalam proses distribusi sudah mutlak diperlukan perpaduan yang mendalam antara teknologi komputer dan telekomunikasi, karena selain proses yang harus didistribusikan, semua host komputer wajib melayani terminal-terminalnya dalam satu perintah dari komputer pusat.

Selanjutnya ketika harga-harga komputer kecil sudah mulai menurun dan konsep proses distribusi sudah matang, maka penggunaan komputer dan jaringannya sudah mulai beragam dari mulai menangani proses bersama maupun komunikasi antar komputer (Peer to Peer System) saja tanpa melalui komputer pusat. Untuk itu mulailah berkembang teknologi jaringan lokal yang dikenal dengan sebutan LAN. Demikian pula ketika Internet mulai diperkenalkan, maka sebagian besar LAN yang berdiri sendiri mulai berhubungan dan terbentuklah jaringan raksasa WAN.

a. Mainframe pada era 1960-1970 an
Pada tahun 1940-an komputer adalah suatu alat dengan ukuran besar yang sangat rentan terhadap kesalahan. Pada tahun 1947, ditemukannya transistor semikonduktor membuka banyak kemungkinan untuk membuat komputer dengan ukuran lebih kecil dan tentunya lebih handal. Pada tahun 1950-an institusi-institusi besar mulai menggunakan komputer-komputer mainframe, dimana dijalankan dengan program-program punched card. Pada akhir tahun 1950-an, Integrated circuit (IC) yang mengembangkan beberapa, dan sekarang jutaan transistor pada satu semikonduktor yang kecil telah ditemukan. Pada tahun 1960-an, mainframe dengan terminal dan IC telah banyak digunakan.

b. LAN (Local Area Network) pada era 1970-1980 an
Pada akhir 1960-an dan 1970-an komputer yang lebih kecil dengan sebutan minicomputer telah diciptakan. Walau bagaimanapun, minikomputer masih dalam ukuran yang sangat besar dibanding dengan standar modern saat ini. Pada tahun 1977, Apple Computer Company memperkenalkan mikrokomputer, dimana dikenal dengan sebutan MAC. Pada tahun 1981 IBM memperkenalkan PC pertamanya. Mac yang user-friendly, IBM PC yang open-archetecture, dan langkah lebih jauh dari proses "micro-minisasi" dari IC membawahi penyebaran luas dari PC baik di rumah maupun di kantor-kantor.

Pada masa ini jaringan-jaringan local mulai dibuat dikembangkan dengan berbagai macam teknologi.

c. WAN (Wide Area Network) pada era 1980-1990 an
Pada pertengahan 1980 pengguna PC mulai menggunakan modem untuk berbagi file dengan komputer lain. Hal ini dikenal sebagai point-to-point, atau komunikasi dial-up. Konsep ini disebar oleh penggunaan komputer yang merupakan pusat dari komunikasi dalam koneksi dial-up. Komputer-komputer ini disebut buletin
boards. Para pengguna akan terhubung ke buletin boards, meninggalkan dan mengambil pesan, sebagaimana upload dan download file. Kekurangan dari tipe ini adalah sangat sedikitnya komunikasi langsung dan selanjutnya hanya orang-orang tertentu yang tahu mengenai buletin board. Pembatasan lain dari buletin board adalah satu modem per satu koneksi. Jika lima orang terhubung secara simultan, hal ini akan memerlukan lima modem terkoneksi ke lima jalur telepon terpisah.

Jumlah orang yang ingin menggunakan sistem ini berkembang, sistem ini selanjutnya tidak dapat meng-handle kebutuhan yang terus meningkat. Sebagai contoh, bayangkan jika 500 orang ingin terhubung dalam waktu yang bersamaan.

d. Internet pada era 1990 an

Dari tahun 1960-an ke tahun 1990-an Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat (DoD) mengembangkan Wide-Area Networks (WANs) yang besar, dapat diandalkan untuk militer dan alasan-alasan sains. Teknologi ini berbeda dari komunikasi point-to-point yang digunakan dalam bulletin boards. Hal ini memungkinkan beberapa
komputer untuk terhubung secara bersamaan melalui beberapa jalur berbeda. Jaringan itu sendiri akan bisa membedakan bagaimana memindahkan data dari komputer satu ke komputer lain. Satu koneksi dapat digunakan untuk berhubungan dengan banyak komputer pada saat yang bersamaan. Jaringan yang diterapka DoD nantinya
akan menjadi jaringan yang mendunia pada saat ini yang disebut Internet.

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Call

Waiting for your call, I'm sick, call I'm angry, Call I'm desperate for your voice. Listening to the song we used to sing in the somewhere, do you remember butterfly ? Early Summer, it's playing on repeat, just like when we would meet.

Stripped and pollished, I am new, I am fresh, I am feeling so ambitious, you and me, flesh to flesh. Cause every breath that you will take when you are sitting next to me, will bring life into my deepest hopes, What's your fantasy? (What's your, what's your...)

Cause I was born to tell you I love you and I am torn to do what I have to, to make you mine stay with me tonight. And I'm tired of being all alone, and this solitary moment makes me want to come back home (I know everything you wanted isn't anything you have)

Under Pressure

Argh...i feel the pressure around me,headache me from all that thing until make me feel want to blow up and spit to the death. That pressure come over and over with day by day never stop. I want to end this problem with my life but if think with the logic that is useless. One way to less that pressure with resolve the source is problem. Pressure come because the problem and problem come because the request so we must be careful to approve the request.
People said that human grow up because can resolve the problem with the right thing because the problem can make human think to find that resolve. So same with the pressure, someone who always take it easy and wait to resolve the problem will felt the maximum pressure. That is consequence for lazy people, if they can little diligent and concentrate to the time it will be can less or nothing about that pressure.
By the way, research proof different like when people live without pressure they will live easily. But with the same time when they live lazy the problem come without permission so if they wont to continued that situation, they must resolve that problem even come without stop. So we can pull the conclusion that human can not live without pressure even they try to avoid that but that pressure will become with the bigger, the pressure come different just because that capacity of human to take that.
Like old man say " Great power will become with the great responsibility"

Sick

uhuhk..uhuk...i feel so tired with all this stuff....damn...i hope this tragedy will be over quickly but now i feel that trouble come more big and more then make my mind blow to the sky...my heart is feel burn and my body so weakness. what should i do ? Never through to my head to kill myself without pain and dying…"wew...is that so? You know what that pain can be warning,a test, or maybe the punishment from ALLAH SWT..Maybe this question is always come to my life.

i want to say insyaallah when that pain is come for satisfied depend on where we see them..that statement when sick are warning, a test, or the punishment not always wrong..but we must see in different ways
For some people, sick was mean:
- Less of time from work (did not come to office), automatically when we sick is no need to thinking about the job. That’s enough when he thinking about his pain and try to healthy again... So that sick was satisfied because we didn’t must to thinking about office job
- We sick we die. And for many people, think about death will be try to more to close to the God. That mean is we will give more time with Allah SWT, telling the problem, pray and help request from Allah SWT. So, that sick was satisfied because we can more close with Allah SWT
- If we sick, we will be
o Visited from other people. So sick was satisfied because can make friendship get much more stronger
o More closely with family (because care). So sick was satisfied because we can feel love each other from what we have is our family
o Feed with best nutrition from usually. So sick was satisfied because we can eat with more best nutrition
But from all that reason when we mention that, I feel touch and freeze when I read article about blind man. That article telling about lady who is blind when was child. One day, when technology is come to more modern so can do operation about her sickness. When n that request come to her, she denied that. The reason is “let this eyes blind because with this I can feel much more closely with Allah SWT and always say thank you with what I got now. If I am not blind again (because operation), maybe I can be disaffected and greedy about give from God. Maybe I can make sins with my new eyes. So let me blind…”
Owh…so greatest of love from this lady to her God, until she can feel her blind is proof of love from Allah SWT to her.
Rasululloh SAW said that “I admire someone who has goodness in every business. If he got pleasure, he always thank you (to Allah SWT) so the goodness always come to inside that. If he got a trouble, he always surrenders (and do that with patient) and thinking always have goodness inside of that.” (HR.Muslim)

Hate

long ago before we know the time..feel something like that is very urgent in every human kind..hate is some feeling who we know is dislike to each other because some reason..not only for human even to the god..i don't know why people hate to each other because in this beautiful world is no matter what is the problem but something i know is i feel that hate now to someone or something..hate in this heart burned to all what we see or like to the curse...are this human fate is to hate each other? i don't think so because human created by god to love each other, care to each other between all god creature especially to nature..so why god create bad feeling like hate..the answer is to enliven the world because if we doesn't know about that we feel so bored and life will be suck..Hatred or hate is a word that describes intense feelings of dislike. It can be used in a wide variety of contexts, from hatred of inanimate objects to hatred of other people.

Philosophers have offered many influential definitions of hatred. Rene Descartes viewed hate as an awareness that something is bad, combined with an urge to withdraw from it. Baruch Spinoza defined hate as a type of pain that is due to an external cause. Aristotle viewed hate as a desire for the annihilation of an object that is incurable by time. Finally, I believed that hate is an irreducible feeling that is not definable at all.

In psychology, Sigmund Freud defined hate as an ego state that wishes to destroy the source of its unhappiness. In a more contemporary definition, the Penguin Dictionary of Psychology defines hate as a "deep, enduring, intense emotion expressing animosity, anger, and hostility towards a person, group, or object". Because hatred is believed to be long-lasting, many psychologists consider it to be more of an attitude or disposition than a (temporary) emotional state (see rage).

Some neural correlates of hate have been uncovered in an fMRI study. In this study, these correlates include increased activity in the medial frontal gyrus, right putamen, bilaterally in premotor cortex, in the frontal pole and bilaterally in the medial insula of the human brain.

Care

Care,,the meaningless of life is watch and help people without pay or hope to something,all people can say love and care so easely like we breath but doesn't know the meaning of that. for me love and care can not to split because care is part of love even that make we confuse but lets thinking a while. love is so huge and want to keep or hope to get anything is so big, if we fell that our ego will talk that was mine not yours.

"I love you", is the same thing with "i care to you" because love is bond with the people who we love. even that is animal or something is the same thing.

maybe we cant use that to all the creature but even that different. human feel is more deeper to meaning and response that. that is unique manner because excepting to keeping touch, love to each other is free to anything. even that free from word "mine". when care reach the top for the real meaning, huge of love will ready to release all that thing.. because love not just ego to have what we want but care and protect what we like and ready to lose that, that was difficult step. Love is hard to do, don't talk about love if you still control them or still jealously or just want little satisfied from that. sick was the consequence to reach the happiness and glory of love, sincerity, and graceful is the key to reach that because love is not fetter but release to get happiness.